【专题】河北省委理论学习中心组学习会发言摘编
The Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is a standing body of seven persons that hears appeals from reports issued by panels in disputes brought on by WTO members.[1] The WTOAB can uphold, modify or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel, and Appellate Body Reports, once adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), must be accepted by the parties to the dispute. The WTOAB has its seat in Geneva, Switzerland.
The appellate body been termed by at least one journalist as "effectively the supreme court of world trade".[1] The body established a dispute mechanism that allowed states, regardless of their size and power, to enforce predictable market access or at the very least secure authorization to retaliate for harms.[2]
Since 2019, when the Donald Trump administration began blocking appointments to the body, the Appellate Body has been unable to enforce WTO rules and punish violators of WTO rules.[3][4][2] Subsequently, disregard for trade rules has increased, leading to more trade protectionist measures.[4][5] The Joe Biden administration has maintained Trump's freeze on new appointments.[4]
History
[edit]The WTOAB was established in 1995 under Article 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU).[citation needed]
“A standing Appellate Body shall be established by the DSB. The Appellate Body shall hear appeals from panel cases. It shall be composed of seven persons, three of whom shall serve on any one case. Persons serving on the Appellate Body shall serve in rotation. Such rotation shall be determined in the working procedures of the Appellate Body.”[6]
Blocking of adjudicator appointments
[edit]Under the mandate of the Trump administration, the US held up appointments to the WTOAB. David Walker was appointed to chair the WTODSB with the mandate to solve this thorny problem.[7] A journalist said that the delay was an effort to skew arbitration in the favour of the US.[1] On 9 April 2019, US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer said in reference to past adjudications over the policy of zeroing that the WTOAB had been "overreaching", as the government of Justin Trudeau was punished by the Trump administration over softwood lumber.[1]
The Trump defect crystallised on 11 December 2019. In default of an WTOAB adjudication board, the EU and Canada reached an agreement whereby the WTOAB is replicated as closely as possible. Under this agreement, former WTO judges will hear appeals between the two entities after the Trump defect has been crystallized. The Trump administration has repeatedly pleaded for redress and is using the leverage at its disposal.[8]
Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration
[edit]In March 2020, the European Union and 15 other WTO members agreed to a Multiparty Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA).[9] This gave access to an alternative appellate mechanism (arbitration as an appellate mechanism) while the Appellate Body is not functional. Its provisions mirror the usual WTO appeal rules and can be voluntarily used between any WTO members to resolve disputes. The European Commissioner for Trade Phil Hogan said: "This is a stop-gap measure to reflect the temporary paralysis of the WTO's appeal function for trade disputes ... We will continue our efforts to restore the appeal function of the WTO dispute settlement system as a matter of priority."[10] Since being announced, the People's Republic of China and other WTO member nations have joined the MPIA.[11]
A pool of ten arbitrators were announced on 31 July 2020 marking the operational start of the MPIA. The arbitrators appointed were José Alfredo Gra?a Lima (Brazil) Valerie Hughes (Canada), Alejandro Jara (Chile), Guohua Yang (China), Claudia Orozco (Colombia), Joost Pauwelyn (EU), Mateo Diego-Fernandez Andrade (Mexico), Penelope Ridings (New Zealand), Locknie Hsu (Singapore), and Thomas Cottier (Switzerland).[12]
Members
[edit]The following is a list of members of the WTOAB including their nationality and term of office.[13]
Current
[edit]There are currently no Members of the Appellate Body.
See Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration for an alternative arrangement used by some WTO member nations and list of appointed arbitrators.
Previous
[edit]- Hong Zhao (lawyer),
China, 1 December 2016 — 30 November 2020 - Hyun Chong Kim,
South Korea, 2016 — 2017 - Shree Baboo Chekitan Servansing,
Mauritius, 2014 — 2018 - Seung Wha Chang, South Korea, 2012 — 2016
- Thomas R. Graham,
United States, 2011 — 2015 & 2015 — 2019 - Ujal Singh Bhatia,
India, 2011 — 2015 & 2015 — 2019 - Peter Van den Bossche,
Belgium, 2009 — 2013 & 2013 — 2017 - Ricardo Ramírez-Hernández,
Mexico, 2009 — 2013 & 2013 — 2017 - Yuejiao Zhang, China, 2008 — 2012 & 2012 — 2016
- Shotaro Oshima,
Japan, 2008 — 2012 - Lilia R Bautista,
Philippines, 2007 — 2011 - Jennifer A. Hillman, United States, 2007 — 2011
- David Unterhalter,
South Africa, 2006 — 2009 & 2009 — 2013 - Merit E. Janow, United States, 2003 — 2007
- Luiz Olavo Baptista,
Brazil, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2009 - Giorgio Sacerdoti,
Italy, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2009 - John Lockhart (lawyer),
Australia, 2001 — 2005 & 2005 — 2006 - Arumugamangalam Venkatachalam Ganesan, India, 2000 — 2004 & 2004 — 2008
- Georges Michel Abi-Saab,
Egypt, 2000 — 2004 & 2004 — 2008 - Yasuhei Taniguchi, Japan, 2000 — 2003 & 2003 — 2007
- James Bacchus, United States, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2003
- Claus-Dieter Ehlermann,
Germany, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001 - Julio Lacarte Muró,
Uruguay, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001 - Florentino Feliciano, Philippines, 1995 — 1997 & 1997 — 2001
- Christopher Beeby,
New Zealand, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000 - Said El-Naggar, Egypt, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000
- Mitsuo Matsushita, Japan, 1995 — 1999 & 1999 — 2000
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "WTO permits U.S. to use long-outlawed policy to calculate anti-dumping tariffs on softwood lumber". The Globe and Mail Inc. 9 April 2019.
- ^ a b Hendrix, Cullen S. (2025-08-14). "Why the (developing) world still needs the WTO | PIIE". www.piie.com.
- ^ Hopewell, Kristen (2024). "The (surprise) return of development policy space in the multilateral trading system: what the WTO Appellate Body blockage means for the developmental state". Review of International Political Economy. 31 (4): 1245–1270. doi:10.1080/09692290.2024.2303681. ISSN 0969-2290.
- ^ a b c "How Trump Could Deal Another Blow to Already Hobbled WTO". Bloomberg News. 2025-08-14.
- ^ "At WTO, growing disregard for trade rules shows world is fragmenting". Reuters. 2023.
- ^ "WTO | Dispute Settlement Understanding - legal text". www.wto.org. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
- ^ Sachdeva, Sam (8 March 2019). "The Kiwi leading the fight to fix the WTO". newsroom.
- ^ "Canada and EU make deal to work around U.S. block on WTO judge appointments". The Globe and Mail Inc. 25 July 2019.
- ^ Parliament, EU. "International trade dispute settlement: World Trade Organisation Appellate Body crisis and the multi-party interim appeal arbitration arrangement" (PDF). European Parliament. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
- ^ Rosario, Daniel (27 March 2020). "EU and 15 World Trade Organization members establish contingency appeal arrangement for trade disputes". European Commission. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ^ Tillet, Andrew (4 May 2020). "China's inclusion in new trade umpire a 'game-changer'". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ^ "WTO - Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ^ Appellate Body Members, WTO
External links
[edit]- Appellate Body on WTO website
- How dispute settlement works
- Jens Lehne, Crisis at the WTO: Is the Blocking of Appointments to the WTO Appellate Body by the United States Legally Justified?, Berlin/Bern 2019
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