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| Autonomous regions 自治区 Zìzhìqū | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Category | Unitary state |
| Location | China |
| Number | 5 (Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, and Xinjiang) |
| Populations | 110,879,058[a] |
| Areas | 4,380,000 km2 (1,690,000 sq mi)[b] |
| Government |
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Administrative divisions of China |
|---|
|
History: before 1912, 1912–49, 1949–present Administrative division codes |
The autonomous regions (Chinese: 自治区; pinyin: Zìzhìqū) are one of four types of province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China. Like Chinese provinces, an autonomous region has its own local government, but under the law of the People's Republic of China, an autonomous region has more legislative rights, such as the right to "formulate self-government regulations and other separate regulations."[1] An autonomous region is the highest level of minority autonomous entity in China, which has a comparably higher population of a particular minority ethnic group.
There are five autonomous regions in China: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia (Nei Menggu), Ningxia, Tibet (Xizang), and Xinjiang.
History
[edit]Established in 1947, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region became the first autonomous region in the Chinese liberated zone. Xinjiang was made autonomous in 1955 after the PRC's founding, and Guangxi and Ningxia were made autonomous in 1958. Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China in 1951, and was declared an autonomous region in 1965. The designation of Guangxi and Ningxia as Zhuang and Hui autonomous areas, respectively, was protested by the local Han Chinese, who made up two-thirds of the population of each region.[citation needed] Although Mongols made up an even smaller percentage of Inner Mongolia than either of these, the ensuing Chinese Civil War gave little opportunity for protest.[2]
Legal rights
[edit]Autonomous regions in China have no legal right to secede, unlike in the Soviet Union – the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, written in 1984, states that "each and every ethnic autonomous region is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China," and that "any form of ... separatism ... is absolutely prohibited."[3][4][5]
Public goods and services
[edit]In general, China's minority regions have some of the highest per capita government spending on education, among other public goods and services.[6]: 366 Providing public goods and services in these areas is part of a government effort to reduce regional inequalities, reduce the risk of separatism, and stimulate economic development.[6]: 366
List of autonomous regions
[edit]| Name in English | Simplified Chinese Pinyin |
Abbreviation | Local name SASM/GNC romanization (Language) |
Capital | Designated minority |
Language | Pre-1949 ROC subdivision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region | 内蒙古自治区 Nèi Měnggǔ Zìzhìqū |
蒙 Měng (IMAR) |
???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?bür mongüol-un ?bertegen zasaqu orun (Mongolian) |
Hohhot (呼和浩特) ???????? |
Mongol | Mongolian | Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei, Xing'an, Gansu, and Ningxia |
| Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region | 广西壮族自治区 Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū |
桂 Guì (GZAR) |
Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih (Standard Zhuang/Zhuang) | Nanning (南宁; Nanzningz) |
Zhuang | Zhuang, Standard Zhuang (Vahcuengh) | Guangxi (province) |
| Tibet Autonomous Region | 西藏自治区 Xīzàng Zìzhìqū |
藏 Zàng (TAR) |
??????????????????? Poi Ranggyong Jong (Standard Tibetan) |
Lhasa (拉萨; ?????) |
Tibetan | Standard Tibetan | Tibet Area, Xikang |
| Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region | 宁夏回族自治区 Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū |
宁 Níng (NHAR) |
The Hui speak Chinese | Yinchuan (银川) |
Hui | Dungan, Chinese | Ningxia (province) |
| Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region | 新疆维吾尔自治区 Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū |
新 Xīn (XUAR) |
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni (Uyghur) |
ürümqi (乌鲁木齐; ???????) |
Uyghur | Uyghur | Xinjiang (province) |
Statistics
[edit]Population
[edit]| Administrative Division | National Share (%) | 2020 Census[7] | 2010 Census[8] | 2000 Census[9] | 1990 Census[10] | 1982 Census[11] | 1964 Census[12] | 1954 Census[13] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guangxi | 3.55 | 50,126,804 | 46,026,629 | 43,854,538 | 42,245,765 | 36,420,960 | 20,845,017 | 19,560,822 |
| Inner Mongolia | 1.70 | 24,049,155 | 24,706,321 | 23,323,347 | 21,456,798 | 19,274,279 | 12,348,638 | 6,100,104 |
| Ningxia | 0.51 | 7,202,654 | 6,176,900 | 5,486,393 | 4,655,451 | 3,895,578 | * | * |
| Tibet Autonomous Region | 0.26 | 3,648,100 | 3,002,166 | 2,616,329 | 2,196,010 | 1,892,393 | 1,251,225 | 1,273,969 |
| Xinjiang | 1.83 | 25,852,345 | 21,813,334 | 18,459,511 | 15,155,778 | 13,081,681 | 7,270,067 | 4,873,608 |
| Total | 7.85 | 110,879,058 | 101,725,350 | 93,740,118 | 85,709,802 | 74,561,891 | 41,714,947 | 31,808,503 |
Ethnic
[edit]| Administrative Division | Titular Ethnic Group | Han Chinese | Other ethnic minorities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Xinjiang (Uyghur) | 45.0% | 42.2% | 12.8% |
| Tibet (Tibetan) | 86.0% | 12.2% | 1.8% |
| Inner Mongolia (Mongol) | 17.7% | 78.7% | 3.6% |
| Ningxia (Hui) | 35.0% | 64.1 % | 0.9% |
| Guangxi (Zhuang) | 31.4% | 62.5 % | 6.1% |
See also
[edit]
- Administrative divisions of China
- Autonomous administrative division
- Language Atlas of China
- Secession in China
- Standard Chinese
- Republics of Russia
Notes
[edit]- ^ Guangxi – 50,126,804
Inner Mongolia – 24,049,155
Ningxia – 7,202,654
Xinjiang – 25,852,345
Tibet – 3,648,100 - ^ Guangxi – 237,600 km2 (91,700 sq mi)
Inner Mongolia – 1,183,000 km2 (457,000 sq mi)
Ningxia – 66,400 km2 (25,600 sq mi)
Xinjiang – 1,665,000 km2 (643,000 sq mi)
Tibet – 1,228,000 km2 (474,000 sq mi)
References
[edit]- ^ "Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China (2005)". english1.english.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
- ^ Dreyer, June Teufel (1997). "Assimilation and Accommodation in China". In Brown, Michael Edward; Ganguly, ?umit (eds.). Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific. MIT Press. p. 365.
- ^ "First Union Constitution". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. 2025-08-14. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
ARTICLE 4. Each one of the member Republics retains the right to freely withdraw from the union.
- ^ "中华人民共和国民族区域自治法 – Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分 – Each and every ethnic autonomous region is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China.
- ^ Zhu, Yuchao; Blachford, Dongyan (2025-08-14). "China's Fate as a Multinational State: a preliminary assessment". Journal of Contemporary China. 15 (47): 329–348. doi:10.1080/10670560500535043. ISSN 1067-0564. S2CID 154008693.
Based on China's Constitution, any sub-national unit, either a province or an ethnic minority autonomous region, does not legally have the right to secede from China.
- ^ a b Lin, Shuanglin (2022). China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-09902-8.
- ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". stats.gov.cn. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.
- ^ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.
- ^ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.
- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.
External links
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