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Geography (Greek Geo (γη) or Gaea (γα?α), meaning "Earth", and graphein (γρ?φειν) meaning "to describe" or "to write") is the study of the earth and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (275-195 B.C.). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the world and all of its human and natural complexities — not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches — human geography and physical geography.
Wikipedia's contents: Geography and places
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- Geography and places
- Overviews
- Outlines
- Lists
- Portals
- Glossaries
- Categories
- Indices
- See also: places near you
- Main articles: Earth, Geography and Place
Geography – Atlas ? City ? Climate ? Demographics ? Earth ? Exploration ? Geographic information system ? History of geography ? Map ? Park ? Place ? Population density ? Region ? Spatial analysis ? Subregion ? Surveying
- Branches of Geography – Physical geography ? Human geography ? Technical geography
- Natural geographical features
- Landforms – Badlands ? Canyon ? Cave ? Cliff ? Coast ? Continent ? Coral reef ? Crater ? Desert ? Forest ? Geyser ? Glacier ? Gully ? Grassland ? Highland ? Hill ? Island ? Mesa ? Mountain ? Mountain range ? Plain ? Prairie ? Peninsula ? Reef ? Ridge ? Savanna ? Shoal ? Steppe ? Tundra ? Valley ? Volcano ? Wetland
- Manmade geographical features – Airport ? Artificial dwelling hill ? Artificial island ? Breakwater ? Bridge ? Canal ? Causeway ? Country ? Country subdivision ? Dam (Levee) ? Farm ? Harbor ? Nation ? National park ? Nature reserve ? Park ? Pier ? Pipeline ? Port ? Railway ? Ranch ? Reservoir ? Road (Street) ? Settlement (Village, Town, City, Megalopolis) ? Train station ? Tunnel
- The World
- By hemisphere – New World ? Old World | Eastern world ? Western world | Eastern Hemisphere ? Western Hemisphere | Northern Hemisphere ? Southern Hemisphere
- By cultural region – English-speaking world ? Arab world ? Chinese world (Sinosphere) ? Indosphere ? Sub-Saharan Africa ? Europe ? Latin America ? Oceania
- By ordinal classification – First World ? Second World ? Third World ? Fourth World
- By economic development – Developed countries ? Developing countries ? Least Developed Countries
- By continent – Africa ? Antarctica ? Australia ? Eurasia (Europe and Asia) ? North America ? South America
- Countries and polar regions of the world:
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Geography
- Continents and major geopolitical regions (non-continents are italicized)
- Africa ? Antarctica ? Asia ? Europe ? North America ? Oceania (includes Australia) ? South America
- Political divisions of the World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region
- Africa
- West Africa
- Benin ? Burkina Faso ? Cape Verde ? Gambia ? Ghana ? Guinea ? Guinea-Bissau ? Ivory Coast (C?te d'Ivoire) ? Liberia ? Mali ? Mauritania ? Niger ? Nigeria (Rivers State) ? Senegal ? Sierra Leone ? Togo
- North Africa
- Algeria ? Egypt (Cairo) ? Libya ? Mauritania ? Morocco ? Sudan ? South Sudan ?Tunisia ? Western Sahara
- Central Africa
- East Africa
- Southern Africa
- Dependencies
- Mayotte (France) ? St. Helena (UK) ? Puntland ? Somaliland ? Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- West Africa
- Antarctica
- None
- Asia
- Central Asia
- East Asia
- China
- Japan (Kyoto) ? North Korea ? South Korea ? Mongolia ? Taiwan
- North Asia
- Southeast Asia
- Brunei ? Cambodia ? East Timor (Timor-Leste) ? Indonesia (Jakarta) ? Laos ? Malaysia ? Myanmar (Burma) ? Philippines (Metro Manila) ? Singapore ? Thailand (Bangkok) ? Vietnam
- South Asia
- Afghanistan ? Bangladesh ? Bhutan ? Maldives ? Nepal ? Pakistan ? Sri Lanka
- India
- States of India: Andhra Pradesh ? Arunachal Pradesh ? Assam ? Bihar ? Chhattisgarh ? Goa ? Gujarat ? Haryana ? Himachal Pradesh ? Jharkhand ? Karnataka ? Kerala ? Madhya Pradesh ? Maharashtra ? Manipur ? Meghalaya ? Mizoram ? Nagaland (Kohima) ? Odisha ? Punjab ? Rajasthan ? Sikkim ? Tamil Nadu ? Telangana ? Tripura ? Uttar Pradesh ? Uttarakhand ? West Bengal
- Africa
- Union Territories of India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands ? Chandigarh ? Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu ? Delhi ? Jammu and Kashmir ? Ladakh ? Lakshadweep ? Pondicherry
- West Asia
- Armenia ? Azerbaijan ? Bahrain ? Cyprus (including disputed Northern Cyprus) ? Georgia ? Iran ? Iraq ? Israel ? Jordan ? Kuwait ? Lebanon ? Oman ? State of Palestine ? Qatar ? Saudi Arabia ? Syria ? Turkey (Istanbul) ? United Arab Emirates (Dubai) ? Yemen
- Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
- North Caucasus
- Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)
- South Caucasus
- Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) ? Armenia ? Azerbaijan (including disputed Republic of Artsakh)
- North Caucasus
- Europe
- Akrotiri and Dhekelia ? ?land ? Albania ? Andorra ? Armenia ? Austria (Vienna) ? Azerbaijan ? Belarus ? Belgium ? Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska) ? Bulgaria ? Croatia ? Cyprus ? Czech Republic (Prague) ? Denmark ? Estonia ? Faroe Islands ? Finland ? France (Paris) ? Georgia ? Germany (Dresden, Munich) ? Gibraltar ? Greece (Athens) ? Guernsey ? Hungary ? Iceland ? Ireland ? Isle of Man ? Italy (Milan, Naples, Palermo, Rome, Turin, Venice) ? Jersey ? Kazakhstan ? Kosovo ? Latvia ? Liechtenstein ? Lithuania ? Luxembourg ? Malta ? Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) ? Monaco ? Montenegro ? Netherlands ? North Macedonia ? Poland ? Portugal ? Romania ? Russia (Saint Petersburg) ? San Marino ? Serbia ? Slovakia ? Slovenia ?
- Norway
- Spain
- Sweden (Stockholm) ? Switzerland (Geneva) ? Turkey ? Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Vatican City
- European Union
- North America
- Canada
- Provinces of Canada: ? Alberta ? British Columbia ? Manitoba ? New Brunswick ? Newfoundland and Labrador ? Nova Scotia ? Ontario (Ottawa, Toronto) ? Prince Edward Island ? Quebec ? Saskatchewan
- Territories of Canada: Northwest Territories ? Yukon ? Nunavut
- Greenland ? Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- United States
- Alabama ? Alaska ? Arizona ? Arkansas ? California (San Diego) ? Colorado ? Connecticut ? Delaware ? Florida ? Georgia ? Hawaii ? Idaho ? Illinois ? Indiana ? Iowa ? Kansas ? Kentucky ? Louisiana ? Maine ? Maryland ? Massachusetts (Boston) ? Michigan ? Minnesota ? Mississippi ? Missouri ? Montana ? Nebraska ? Nevada ? New Hampshire ? New Jersey ? New Mexico ? New York (New York City) ? North Carolina ? North Dakota ? Ohio ? Oklahoma ? Oregon ? Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) ? Rhode Island ? South Carolina ? South Dakota ? Tennessee ? Texas ? Utah ? Vermont ? Virginia ? Washington (Infrastructure) ? West Virginia ? Wisconsin ? Wyoming
- Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia)
- Mexico
- Central America
- Belize ? Costa Rica ? El Salvador ? Guatemala ? Honduras ? Nicaragua ? Panama
- Caribbean
- Anguilla ? Antigua and Barbuda ? Aruba ? Bahamas ? Barbados ? Bermuda ? British Virgin Islands ? Cayman Islands ? Cuba ? Dominica ? Dominican Republic ? Grenada ? Haiti ? Jamaica ? Montserrat ? Netherlands Antilles ? Puerto Rico ? Saint Barthélemy ? Saint Kitts and Nevis ? Saint Lucia ? Saint Martin ? Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ? Trinidad and Tobago ? Turks and Caicos Islands ? United States Virgin Islands
- Canada
- Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)
- Australasia
- Australia (Melbourne, Sydney)
- Dependencies/Territories of Australia
- New Zealand
- Australia (Melbourne, Sydney)
- Melanesia
- Fiji ? Indonesia (Oceanian part only) ? New Caledonia (France) ? Papua New Guinea ? Solomon Islands ? Vanuatu
- Micronesia
- Federated States of Micronesia ? Guam (US) ? Kiribati ? Marshall Islands ? Nauru ? Northern Mariana Islands (US) ? Palau ?
- Polynesia
- American Samoa (US) ? Cook Islands (NZ) ? French Polynesia (France) ? Hawaii (US) ? Niue (NZ) ? Pitcairn Islands (UK) ? Samoa ? Tokelau (NZ) ? Tonga ? Tuvalu ? Wallis and Futuna (France)
- Australasia
- South America
- South Atlantic
- Countries:
- Lists by country:
- Country subdivisions:
- Geographical features
- Other:
Geography
Continents
Regions
- Afghanistan
- Algeria
- Andorra
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Australia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Belize
- Bolivia
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Central African Republic
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Eritrea
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- The Gambia
- Georgia
- Germany
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kenya
- Kuwait
- Laos
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Liberia
- Libya
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Maldives
- Malaysia
- Mali
- Malta
- Mauritania
- Mexico
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Morocco
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- North Macedonia
- Norway
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Palestine
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of the Congo
- Romania
- Russia
- S?o Tomé and Príncipe
- Saudi Arabia
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Somalia
- Somaliland
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Suriname
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Taiwan
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom (England
- Northern Ireland
- Scotland
- Wales)
- United States
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vatican City
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zambia
Territories
Provinces and states
- United States: Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington, D.C.
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
Counties
Supranational
- Main index: Geography
Continents
- Africa ? Antarctica ? Asia ? Europe ? Australia
Political divisions of World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region:
- Africa:
- West Africa:
- Benin ? Burkina Faso ? Ghana ? Guinea-Bissau ? Mali ? Nigeria
- North Africa:
- Central Africa:
- East Africa:
- Ethiopia ? Kenya ? Madagascar ? Mauritius ? Mozambique ? Rwanda ? Seychelles ? Somalia ? Uganda ? Zambia ? Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa:
- West Africa:
- Antarctica:
- Asia:
- Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
- Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia) ? Armenia ? Azerbaijan (including disputed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic)
- Europe:
- Akrotiri and Dhekelia ? ?land ? Andorra ? Armenia ? Austria ? Azerbaijan ? Belarus ? Belgium ? Croatia ? Cyprus ? Czech Republic ? Denmark ? Estonia ? Finland ? Georgia ? Germany ? Greece ? Guernsey ? Iceland ? Ireland ? Italy ? Kazakhstan ? Liechtenstein ? Lithuania ? Malta ? Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) ? Monaco ? Portugal ? San Marino ? Serbia ? Spain ? Switzerland ? Turkey ? United Kingdom ? Vatican City
- Canada
- Canadian provinces
- Aboriginal Canadian
- Greenland ? Mexico ? Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- United States
- U.S. administrative divisions
- Alabama ? Alaska ? Arizona ? Arkansas ? California ? Colorado ? Connecticut ? Delaware ? Florida ? Georgia ? Hawaii ? Idaho ? Illinois ? Indiana ? Iowa ? Montana ? Kansas ? Kentucky ? Louisiana ? Maine ? Maryland ? Massachusetts ? Michigan ? Minnesota ? Mississippi ? Missouri ? Nebraska ? Nevada ? New Hampshire ? New Jersey ? New Mexico ? New York (New York City) ? North Carolina ? North Dakota ? Ohio ? Oklahoma ? Oregon ? Pennsylvania ? Rhode Island ? South Carolina ? South Dakota ? Tennessee ? Texas ? Utah ? Vermont ? Virginia ? Washington ? West Virginia ? Wisconsin ? Wyoming
- District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
- U.S. counties
- African American
- Asian American
- U.S. administrative divisions
- Central America:
- Caribbean:
- Anguilla ? Antigua and Barbuda ? Aruba ? Bahamas ? Barbados ? Bermuda ? Cayman Islands ? Cuba ? Dominica ? Grenada ? Haiti ? Jamaica ? Montserrat ? Netherlands Antilles ? Puerto Rico ? Saint Barthélemy ? Saint Kitts and Nevis ? Saint Lucia ? Saint Martin ? Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ? Turks and Caicos Islands ? United States Virgin Islands
- Oceania: (includes the continent of Australia):
- Australasia:[15]
- Australia
- Dependencies/Territories of Australia:
- Australia
- Melanesia:[17]
- Micronesia:
- Guam (USA) ? Marshall Islands ? Nauru ? Northern Mariana Islands (USA) ? Palau ?
- Polynesia
- American Samoa (USA) ? Cook Islands (NZ) French Polynesia (France) ? Hawaii (USA) ? Tokelau (NZ)
- Australasia:[15]
- South America:
- South Atlantic:
- ^ Kazakhstan is sometimes considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only.
- ^ The state is commonly known as simply "China", which is subsumed by the eponymous entity and civilization (China).
- ^ Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of PRC.
- ^ Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of PRC.
- ^ Under the de facto control of Republic of China (ROC) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan. Claimed in whole by the PRC; see political status of Taiwan.
- ^ Excludes Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia).
- ^ General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, released 3rd September, 2008
- ^ East Timor is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania.
- ^ Indonesia is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania
- ^ Armenia is sometimes considered a transcontinental country: physiographically in Western Asia, it has historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.
- ^ Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only. Figures include Nakhchivan, an autonomous exclave of Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
- ^ The island of Cyprus is sometimes considered a transcontinental territory: in the Eastern Basin of Mediterranean Sea south of Turkey, it has historical and socio-political connections with Europe. However, the U.N. considers Cyprus to be in Western Asia, while the C.I.A. considers it to be in the Middle East.
- ^ Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for the Asian portion only.
- ^ Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Southern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only, excluding all of Istanbul.
- ^ The use and scope of this term varies. The UN designation for this subregion is "Australia and New Zealand."
- ^ Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia.
- ^ Excludes parts of Indonesia, island territories in Southeast Asia (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region.
- ^ Indonesia is generally considered a territory of Southeastern Asia (UN region); wholly or partially, it is also frequently included in Australasia or Melanesia. Figures include Indonesian portion of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and Maluku Islands.