李克强会见欧盟委员会副主席 外交与安全政策高级代表
| Demographics and culture of Hong Kong |
|---|
| Demographics |
| Culture |
| Other Hong Kong topics |
| Part of a series on |
| Ethnicity in Hong Kong |
|---|
 Filipino domestic workers in the Statue Square | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 200,000 2.7% of Hong Kong's population | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Wan Chai District[1] | |
| Languages | |
| Tagalog, English, Cantonese, Kapampangan, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, other Philippine languages | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Iglesia Filipina Independiente), Islam, Buddhism |
Filipinos in Hong Kong (Filipino: Mga Pilipino sa Hong Kong) refer to the Filipinos residing or working in Hong Kong. They constitute the largest ethnic minority in Hong Kong, numbering approximately 130,000,[2] many of whom work as foreign domestic helpers.[3] The Eastern District has the highest concentration of Filipino residents in Hong Kong, with 3.24% of the district's population being of Filipino descent (14,596 people).[4]
Domestic Migrant Workers
[edit]Overview
[edit]The Philippines was one of the first countries to send workers through the foreign domestic helper program beginning in the 1970's. This allowed helpers to work for a single employer, working for at least a minimum allowable wage.[5] Most of these workers were mothers, grandmothers or eldest daughters, working to save money for their children, seeking better living standards with higher wages than in the Philippines.[6][7] According to CNN, Filipino migrant workers are legally required to live in their employers' homes. Because Hong Kong does not have laws limiting the maximum working hours per day or week, workers can perform tasks for as long as sixteen hours a day six days a week.[7][5] The range of services that are achieved for employers include cleaning, cooking, shopping for groceries, and taking care of children, the elderly and pets.[5] Nonetheless, according to The Guardian, domestic helpers still consider Hong Kong to be one of the best places in Asia get work.[8] Filipino domestic workers report that their families back home make demands for money and have unrealistic ideas about finance, but, many state their main responsibility is to provide for their families through migration.[5]
Discrimination
[edit]The mistreatment of Filipino domestic workers in Hong Kong is commonly found through stereotypes and disciplinary regulation. According to anthropologist Nicole Constable, Hongkongers consider Filipino workers to be lazy, demanding, lacking commitment, and "only in it for the money."[9] They are also labelled as "apathetic" about Hong Kong in addition to being poor and uneducated from a "backwards country."[9] On the other hand, some citizens view these helpers as "hard workers who contribute valuable labor to the colony."[9] Chinese women would also view female Filipino helpers as a threat to their roles as wives and mothers, resulting in the loss of their jobs. They can be perceived as "flirtatious," different from Chinese women, and even willing to provide sexual favours.[9] Employers imposes strict rules such as being under constant surveillance, and curfew. According to sociolinguistic professor Hans J Ladegaard, workers generally do not have their own living quarters and are kept inside almost 24 hours a day, akin to modern-day slavery.[8] According to English professor Odine De Guzman, non-government organizations propose to address the abuses of overseas Filipino workers, although Hong Kong has yet to ratify any treaties, an example being the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.[10]
Sundays
[edit]According to The Guardian, migrant workers have been congregating on their one day off each week since the 1980s. Sundays are a lifeline for Filipino workers, giving them the ability to rest, run errands for themselves, and to recreationally enjoy activities such as picnics and dances. They are also able to use their free time to join protests.[8] Groups commonly gather around Victoria Park, Central District, Wan Chai and Statue Square, transforming the streets into "Little Manila."[11][8]
2019–2020
[edit]The Hong Kong Protests
[edit]According to anthropologist Nicole Constable, women migrant workers have protested in the past, protesting alongside the Hong Kong People's Alliance on WTO.[12] The 2019–20 Hong Kong Protests affected on the Filipino community. In 2019, many Filipino domestic workers voiced their opinions on the protest. Some expressed their sympathies towards the protestors, because many protestors grew up in households where these workers had taken care of them growing up.[13] Many have supported the protest, disagreeing with the proposed extradition bill, and even joining peaceful marches throughout Hong Kong. Others however, have expressed their reluctance to support because of the work and visa status in Hong Kong, concerns about losing their occupation, the relocation of employers because of the impeded violence, and their overall safety.[13][11] Despite the risk of danger, many workers have rejected the proposal of the Philippine government to temporarily ban sending workers to Hong Kong during the protests in fear of losing financial and employment opportunities. According to Global Voices, rest days are no longer fixed on Sundays and are cut short to avoid police confrontation due to the schedule of protestors and the possibility of disruption to public transport, affecting the workers' ability to see others in the community.[13]
COVID-19
[edit]Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected Filipino migrant workers' lives in Hong Kong. Because of the government strict live-in restrictions, workers are limited to staying at home, unable to social distance with employers. According to the Diplomat, "this situation has fuelled tension and mistrust between employers due to security, finance and health, allowing for abuse and ill treatment of workers to occur more often."[14] Psychologist Nelson Yeung suggests that workers are subjugated to anxiety and mental exhaustion due to the increase of responsibilities in the household as many public facilities are closed.[15] There is also an increase of fear for the loss of jobs during the pandemic, yet some workers are grateful to still have employment. Filipino domestic workers would seek emotional and material support from others in the community, but due to the pandemic, opportunities to publicly gather on Sundays are reduced.[15] According to author Jason Ng, rules and regulations are dependent on the employers, with some who restricts workers from having days off or to leave the house (unless to go out for essentials), to those who more relaxed and "encourages workers to go out on Sundays as long as they practice social distance."[16]
Community life
[edit]
Language
[edit]Most Filipinos in Hong Kong communicate with the local population in English, usually a second language for both parties. According to the Hong Kong's Census and Statistic Department, approximately 11% of Filipino domestic workers speak Cantonese as well.[17] Within the Filipino community in Hong Kong, they communicate in Tagalog or in another Philippine language.
Commerce
[edit]The World-Wide House arcade in Central is popular with Filipinos, as many of the shops inside the building are run by Filipinos.[18]
Entertainment
[edit]On Sundays, large numbers of Filipino maids often gather at various spots in Central, such as the ground floor of the HSBC Hong Kong headquarters building, as for many maids in Hong Kong Sunday is their fixed once-a-week working day off, during which they socialise, eat and sing together, or sell various items. These Sunday gatherings have been called "Little Manila"[19]
Religion
[edit]Most Filipinos in Hong Kong are Christians, the majority Roman Catholic. There are also a significant number who congregate in Protestant and non-denominational churches. A minority are Buddhists. Many attend Mass and various church services on Sunday mornings at the numerous Catholic parishes in Hong Kong offering services in Tagalog or English. According to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong (2011), there are an estimated 120,000 Filipino Catholics making up a large part of the non-local parish membership.[20]
Aside from the Catholics, there are congregations of Filipino Protestants who attend services in Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian churches. There is also a full fellowship of Aglipayans or members of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church) that attend mass at the St John's Cathedral in Central, an Anglican church. The Filipino chaplain is Reverevend Dwight Dela Torre.[21]
In past 30 years, Filipino evangelical Christians have grown in numbers, especially in such fellowships as Jesus is Lord (JIL), which number in the tens of thousands.[22]
Notable people
[edit]- Michael Campion, footballer
- Robbie Capito, pool player
- Rita Carpio, singer
- Teresa Carpio, singer
- Steven Dominique Cheung, pilot and politician
- Nicholas Choi, fencer
- Crisel Consunji, actress
- Agatha Kong, singer
- Felice Lieh-Mak, professor
- Yassi Pressman, actress, singer, and TV host in the Philippines
- Alex To, singer
- Janice Vidal, singer
- Jill Vidal, singer
- JW, singer
- Yumi Chung, singer
See also
[edit]
- Vallejos v. Commissioner of Registration, a Filipina maid's right of abode case
- Comilang v. Commissioner of Registration, a visa denial case by a Filipina maid with a Hong Kong permanent resident daughter
- Filipino NGOs in Hong Kong
References
[edit]- ^ District Profiles, Hong Kong Census, 2011, archived from the original on 27 September 2013, retrieved 27 September 2013
- ^ mentioned in review "My Filipino one and only" Reese Deveaux Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Standard, 18 September 2004
- ^ Chu, Kathy (16 November 2013). "Hong Kong's Filipino Community Reaches Out to Typhoon Survivors". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ 2011 Population Census IDDS Report, Hong Kong Census
- ^ a b c d Lim, Wooyoung; Visaria, Sujata (1 September 2020). "The Borrowing Puzzle: Why Do Filipino Domestic Workers in Hong Kong, China Borrow Rather than Dissave?". Asian Development Review. 37 (2): 77–99. doi:10.1162/adev_a_00150. ISSN 0116-1105.
- ^ Hodder, Rupert (1996). "A Filipino community in Chinatown? Filipino migrant workers in Hong Kong". South East Asia Research. 4 (2): 103–125. doi:10.1177/0967828X9600400202. ISSN 0967-828X. JSTOR 23746964.
- ^ a b Yeung, Jessie; Bacani, Xyza (2020). "When Love is Not Enough". CNN.com. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d Moss, Emma-Lee (10 March 2017). "'That One Day is All You Have': How Hong Kong's Domestic Workers Seized Sunday". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d Constable, Nicole (1997). "Sexuality and Discipline among Filipina Domestic Workers in Hong Kong". American Ethnologist. 24 (3): 539–558. doi:10.1525/ae.1997.24.3.539. ISSN 0094-0496. JSTOR 647082.
- ^ Guzman, Odine de (October 2003). "Overseas Filipino Workers Labor Circulation in Southeast Asia, and the (Mis)management of Overseas Migration Programs". Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ a b Jenner, Alison (13 October 2019). "Filipino Maids in Hong Kong Raise Concerns About Safety, Job Security as Protests Escalate". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ Constable, Nicole (March 2009). "Migrant Workers and the Many States of Protest in Hong Kong". Critical Asian Studies. 41 (1): 143–164. doi:10.1080/14672710802631202. ISSN 1467-2715. S2CID 144805702.
- ^ a b c Voices, Global (6 September 2019). "Hong Kong protests through the eyes of a Filipino migrant worker". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Chan, Alexandra (14 April 2020). "Hong Kong's Domestic Workers: When 'Stay at Home' Means 'Live at Work'". The Diplomat. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ a b C. Y. Yeung, Nelson; Huang, Bishan; Lau, Christine Y. K.; Lau, Joseph T. F. (3 November 2020). "Feeling Anxious amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychosocial Correlates of Anxiety Symptoms among Filipina Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (21): 8102. doi:10.3390/ijerph17218102. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 7662612. PMID 33153082.
- ^ Ng, Jason Y. (10 April 2020). "Why Domestic Workers are the Unsung Heroes of Hong Kong's Coronavirus Crisis". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ "Press Release (2 Jan 2001) :Survey on ethnic minorities in Hong Kong released | Census and Statistics Department". www.censtatd.gov.hk. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ wilroy.flores (9 February 2024). "3 Best Shopping Malls In Hong Kong For Filipino Domestic Helpers - Topmart". store.topmart.club. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Law, Lisa (July 2001). "Home Cooking: Filipino Women and Geographies of the Senses in Hong Kong". Ecumene. 8 (3): 264–283. doi:10.1177/096746080100800302. ISSN 0967-4608. S2CID 55629552.
- ^ HKCSO (2011) Statistics of the Diocese of Hong Kong, 31 August, [Online], Available: "Statistics of the Diocese of Hong Kong - Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2017.. Accessed 12 June 2012.
- ^ "IFI Hong Kong Celebrates Church's 111th Anniversary". HKPinoyTV. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Video, Team (10 July 2015). "Thousands celebrate Jesus is Lord (JIL) Hong Kong 30th anniversary". HKPinoyTV. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
External links
[edit]
- HK FILCOM Celebrates 117th Philippine Independence Day, HKPinoyTV News
- Parade and street dance at the 115th Philippine Independence Day celebration, HKPinoyTV News
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