Unrecognized ethnic groups in China

百度　　这天儿忒热!甭管嗓子眼儿、肺管子，吸进来的都是一股火辣辣。

A number of ethnic groups of the People's Republic of China are not officially recognized.^[1] Taken together, these groups (simplified Chinese: 未识别民族; traditional Chinese: 未識別民族; pinyin: wèi shíbié mínzú) would constitute the twentieth most populous ethnic group of China. Some scholars have estimated that there are over 200 distinct ethnic groups that inhabit China,^[1] compared to 56 groups that are officially recognized. There are in addition small distinct ethnic groups that have been classified as part of larger ethnic groups that are officially recognized. Some groups, like the Hui of Xinjiang with the Hui of Fujian, are geographically and culturally separate, except for the shared belief of Islam. Han Chinese, being the world's largest ethnic group, has a large diversity within it, such as in Gansu, whose Han individuals may have genetic traits from the assimilated Tangut civilization.^{[citation needed]} Although they are indigenous to Hainan island and do not speak a Chinese language, the Lingao (Ong-Be) people near the capital (8% of the population) are counted as Han Chinese.^{[citation needed]}

List of ethnic groups

English Name	Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese	Mandarin Pinyin	Population	Classified in census as .....	Territory	Details
Bunu	布努人	Bùnǔrén	700,000	Yao	Guangxi	^[2]
Chuanqing	穿青人	Chuānqīngrén	670,000	Han	Liupanshui/Zhijin County, Bijie Prefecture, Guizhou	The Chuanqings view themselves as a distinct group of people despite being descendants of Han Chinese military servicemen. Most of them live in Anshun area of Guizhou province. Other locals call the Chuanqings "Da Jiao Ban" (Big Foot) or "Da Xiuzi" (Big Sleeves). Uniquely, they worship a god called Wuxian (五显).
Lingao	临高人臨高人	Língāorén	500,000 ^[3]^{[full citation needed]}	Han or Zhuang	Hainan^[4]^{[full citation needed]}	Speakers of the Be languages. Some have chosen to register as Zhuang, while the majority of them registered as Han.^[5]^[6]^{[full citation needed]}
Waxiang	瓦乡人瓦鄉人	Wǎxiāngrén	400,000^[7]	Han	Yuanling County, Yongding, Yongshun County of Hunan	Many of the Waxiang people are designated as Miao, while some are designated as Tujia or Han.
Torghut	土尔扈特人土爾扈特人	Tǔěrhùtèrén	150,000^[8]^{[unreliable source?]}	Mongols	Xinjiang^[9]^{[full citation needed]}
Gyalrong	嘉绒人嘉絨人	Jiāróngrén	120,000	Tibetan	Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan	Speakers of the Gyalrong language related to Qiang.
Limin	里民人	Lǐmínrén	100,000	Li	Anshun/Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou	Part of the Chuanqing people. Not related to the Li people of Hainan.
Gejia	??家人	Géjiārén	50,000	Miao	Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou
?ynu	艾努人	àinǔrén	50,000	Uyghur	Moyu/Hetian/Luopu/Shache/Shule/Yingjisha Counties, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang	Ethnically and linguistically distinct, speak ?ynu language (Siberian Turkic subfamily) and adhere Shia Islam (Alevism). Not related to the Ainu people of Hokkaido and Sakhalin.
Caijia	蔡家人	Càijiārén	40,000	Han or Bai	Guizhou	Caijia people's language is said to be a relative of the Bai language.
Muxi	木佬人	Mùlǎorén	30,000	Yi	Majiang/Kaili/Huangping (Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture), Duyun/Fuquan (Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture), Guizhou and Chun'an County, Zhejiang	Their language Muyu belongs to the Kra language group, close to the proverb, but due to similarities to the Gelao they are being classified into the Yi.
Mojia	莫家人	Mòjiārén	20,000	Bouyei^[10]	Libo County, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou	They speak the Mak language (Kam-Sui).
Baima	白马人白馬人	Báimǎrén	15,000	Tibetan	Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan and Wen County, Gansu	The Baima people are said to be the descendants of Di (氐) people.
Utsul	回辉人回輝人	Huíhuīrén	8,500	Hui	Hainan	The Utsuls are thought to be descendants of Cham refugees who fled their homeland of Champa in Vietnam.
Khmu	克木人	Kèmùrén	7,000	Bulang	Xishuangbanna, Yunnan
Guge	古格人	Gǔgérén	5,000	Hui (Qinghai), Tibetan (Yunnan)	Hualong Hui Autonomous County, Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai, Deqen/Weixi Counties, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan and Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region	It is distributed in Hualong Hui Autonomous County of Qinghai Province, Shangri-La, Deqin, Weixi County, and Lhasa City of Tibet Autonomous Region in the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. The Guge people are culturally coordinated and adapted to be compatible with and preserve multi-ethnic culture. Suddenly retain the characteristics of the Hui culture, forming a unique nation.
Akha	阿卡人	ākǎrén	6,000	Hani	Jinghong/Jinghan/Qilong town (Jinghong County), Bulangshan town (Menghai County) and Qilun town (Mengla County), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan	The Akha claimed to be "over gram", and Akha was the name of the Yi people (meaning "slaves").
Bisu	毕苏人畢蘇人	Bìsūrén	6,000	Some are classified as Lahu while those who live in Menghai County are counted as "undistinguished nationalities"	Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan
Lemo	勒墨人	Lēimòrén	7,000	Bai and Lisu	Lushui County, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan	They are results of intermarriage between Tai Mao (Dehong Dai/Shan) and Lisu peoples.
Altaians	阿尔泰人阿爾泰人	ā'ěrtàirén	several thousand	Mongolian	Altay Prefecture of Xinjiang^[11]
Yamato	大和人	Dàhérén	4000 (in total)^[a]	Han	Across Jilin, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning	Leftovers of Japanese settlers that remained in China after the Second Sino-Japanese War, primarily women and orphaned children.^[12] Many declare themselves as Han in Chinese censuses due to having mostly assimilated into Chinese society.
Ryukyu	琉球人	Liúqiúrén	4000 (in total)^[a]	Han or sometimes Gaoshan	Across Jilin, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning
Tuvans	图瓦人圖瓦人	Túwǎrén	3,900	Mongolian	Far north of Xinjiang^[13]^[14]	Only around 2,000 Tuvan speakers left.
Bugan	布赓人布賡人	Bùgēngrén	2,700	Yi	Southern Guangnan (广南) and northern Xichou (西畴), Yunnan	Speakers of the Bugan language.
Pakan	布赓人布賡人	Bùgēngrén	2,000	Yi	Wennan, Xiqiao. Wenshan, Yunnan
Buyang	布央人	Bùyāngrén	2,000	Yao, Zhuang	Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan and Napo County, Guangxi	They are closely related to the Laha, Qabiao, Gelao, and Lachi.
Deng	僜人	Chēngrén	2,000	May be classified as Tibetan	Zayu County, Linzhi (Nyingchi), Tibet Autonomous Region	They speak various Mishmi languages (including Kaman/Miju and Idu Mishmi language).
Bolyu	巴琉人	Bāliúrén	1,800		Longlin County, Guangxi	Also known as Lai.
Kunge	昆格人	Kūngérén	1,656 (338 households)	Blang	Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan	The custom of the Kunge is different from that of the general Blang. The unique special day has the Dragon and the Dragon Festival. The Dragon Column is an iron festival. The time is in the solar calendar in February. During the festival, you must kill the cows, burn the bonfire, and worship the ancestors.
Bajia	八甲人	Bājiǎrén	1,500	Blang and Yi	Yu'a/Yucha Township, Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan	Distributed in Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Those who mixed with Blang are being classified as Blang peoples while those who unmixed are being classified as Yi peoples (this happened on 2011 after approval by Chinese National Civil Affairs Commission and the Yunnan Provincial Government).
Fuyu Kyrgyz	富裕柯克孜人富裕柯克孜人	Fùyù Kēkèzīrén	1,400	Kyrgyz	Fuyu County, Heilongjiang	Ethnically and linguistically distinct from Kyrgyz, closely related to the ancient Yenisei Kyrgyz and modern Khakas in Siberia.
Keriya	克里雅人	Kèlǐyǎrén	1,300	Uyghur	Yutian/Minfeng County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang	The Keriya people are said to be descendants of the Tibet Aliguge dynasty. Another group are said to be desert indigenous people living there. The natural environment determines the lifestyle of the Keriya people in the deep Taklimakan Desert. It still retains the simple and pure folk customs. Culture and a more primitive way of life. Most of them lived together for generations. The elderly at home are the most respected elders. The tribes rarely marry outsiders. They are called "the primitive tribes in the desert".
Manmi	曼咪人	Mànmīrén	1,000	Blang	Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan	Manmi people have their own language, Man Met which belongs to the Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic) language group, and the Manmi people's housing, costumes, religious beliefs, and festivals are similar to the Yi people, but the ethnic group is classified as the Blang ethnic group. Now, Manmi people hope to be counted as an independent nation.
Kaifeng Jews	开封犹太人開封猶太人	Kāifēng Yóutàizú	600 – 1,000^[15]	Hui or Han	Kaifeng, Henan	Descendants of Jewish silk road traders.
Kangjia	康家人	Kāngjiārén	500–600	Hui	Jainca (Jianzha) County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai	The Kangjia people have their own language, Kangjia language. It belongs to the Mongolian language group. The lifestyle is mixed with the Hui and Tu nationalities. Therefore, the Kangjia peoples now consider themselves to be an independent nationality, different from the surrounding people.
Mang	莽人	Mǎngrén	568	Blang	Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan
Tomao	托茂人	Tuōmàorén	500	Hui	Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang and Zhidoi County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai	Muslim minority distributed in Qinghai and Xinjiang,^[16]^{[full citation needed]} with its own unique customs, using Tomo language (a Mongolian mixed Arabic and Persian vocabulary).
Qabiao	布标人布標人	Bùbiāozrén	302	Yi	Malipo County, Yunnan	Also known in Vietnam as the Pu Peo (普標).
Laopin	老品人	Lǎopǐnrén	233 (in 52 households)	May be classified as Dai	Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan	The Lao Ping ethnics call themselves "old products", also known as "card products". Old people retain their own language, such as eating for "Tangza", housing for "crowding", and fluent slang. The old-fashioned housing is a Chinese-style bungalow. A unique original religion, with temples and godless statues, is held every year in the whole village.
Laomian	老缅人老緬人	Lǎomiǎnrén	233 (in 52 households)	Lahu	Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan	The Laomian has nothing to do with the Burmese. The Laomian people is a cross-border ethnic group distributed in the border areas of China, Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos. In China, Laojia Dazhai in Zhutang Township of Mula County and Miaohai Village in Menghai County of Mianhai County are the main settlements.
Daman	达曼人達曼人	Dámànrén	200	Tibetan	Gyirong County, Shigatse Prefecture, Tibet	They are popularly believed to be descendants of the Nepalese Gurkha army.
Caizu	菜族人	Càizúrén	170 (in 32 households)	Han	Unknown
Ili Turks	土尔克人, 土爾克人	Tǔěrkèrén	120^[17]	Uzbek, Uyghur	Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Northern Xinjiang	Ethnically and linguistically distinct from Uyghurs.
Ongkor	翁阔人翁闊人	Wēngkuòrén	20	Evenki	Yining County, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang	It is said that Ongkor is the smallest ethnic group in China. The 1993 survey showed that there were only 20 people.
Tanka	疍家人疍家人	Dànjiārén		Han	Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan	Thought to have Baiyue origins. Traditionally boat people who lived by the sea, they were sometimes referred to as "sea gypsies".
Dolan	刀朗人	Dāolǎngrén		Uyghur	Awat County, Xinjiang
Kucong	苦聪人苦聰人	Kǔcōngrén		Lahu	Yunnan

Notes

^ This count does not include all Japanese people in China (such as those who arrived after 1945), but only those who have resided in China since 1945.

References

^ ^a ^b Shih, Chih-yu (2002). Negotiating Ethnicity in China: Citizenship as a Response to the State. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28372-8.
^ Luo, Liuning 罗柳宁 (2025-08-14). "Bùnǔ Yáo léigōng miào de wénhuà nèihán jiědú" 布努瑶雷公庙的文化内涵解读. Pǔshì shèhuì kēxué yánjiū wǎng 普世社会科学研究网 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-08-14.
^ Zhōngguó dìlǐ 中国地理 (in Chinese). Zhongguo renmin daxue shubao ziliaoshe. 1986.
^ "Hua nan shi fan da xue xue bao: Journal of South China Normal University. She hui ke xue ban". Huánán shīfàn dàxué xuébào 华南师范大学学报 (in Chinese). 1983.
^ Shi, Lianzhu 施联朱 (2005). Zhōngguó de mínzú shìbié: 56 gè mínzú de láilì 中国的民族识别: 56个民族的来历 (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-06613-1.
^ "東南文化". Dōngnán wénhuà 東南文化 (in Chinese). 1987.
^ Liu, Xinglu 刘兴禄 (2009). "Xiāngxī Wǎxiāng rénmín wèn shòuliè xísú chūtàn" 湘西瓦乡人民问狩猎习俗初探 [An Exploration of Hunting Custom of the Waxiang People in Xiangxi]. Jíshǒu dàxué xuébào (shèhuì kēxué bǎn) (in Chinese). 30 (5): 49. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-4074.2009.05.010.
^ "Jiědú: Měiguó wèihé huì yǒu 3200 míng Tǔěrhùtèrén? Tāmen shì zěnme dào dì Měiguó?" 解读：美国为何会有3200名土尔扈特人？他们是怎么到的美国？. Wǎngyì 网易 (in Chinese). 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
^ "民族硏究". Mínzú yánjiū 民族硏究 (in Chinese). 1999.
^ Yang, Tongyin 杨通銀 (2000). Mòyǔ yánjiū 莫语硏究 (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-81056-427-4.
^ Olson, James S. (1998). "Altai". An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 0-313-28853-4.
^ "Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo". Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
^ Mongush, M. V. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies. 1: 225–243.
^ Suihkonen, Pirkko; Whaley, Lindsay J., eds. (2014). On Diversity and Complexity of Languages Spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 340. ISBN 978-90-272-6936-2.
^ Pfeffer, Anshel (12 January 2018). "Taking the Silk Route Back Home". Haaretz. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
^ "Shi jie zong jiao yan jiu". Shìjiè zōngjiào yánjiū 世界宗教研究 (in Chinese). 1990.
^ "Ili Turki". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.

External links

至今没有归属中国尚待被识别的23个少数民族 (in Chinese)

[12] This count does not include all Japanese people in China (such as those who arrived after 1945), but only those who have resided in China since 1945.

[ShihShi-1] Shih, Chih-yu (2002). Negotiating Ethnicity in China: Citizenship as a Response to the State. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28372-8.

[2] Luo, Liuning 罗柳宁 (2025-08-14). "Bùnǔ Yáo léigōng miào de wénhuà nèihán jiědú" 布努瑶雷公庙的文化内涵解读. Pǔshì shèhuì kēxué yánjiū wǎng 普世社会科学研究网 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-08-14.

[3] Zhōngguó dìlǐ 中国地理 (in Chinese). Zhongguo renmin daxue shubao ziliaoshe. 1986.

[4] "Hua nan shi fan da xue xue bao: Journal of South China Normal University. She hui ke xue ban". Huánán shīfàn dàxué xuébào 华南师范大学学报 (in Chinese). 1983.

[5] Shi, Lianzhu 施联朱 (2005). Zhōngguó de mínzú shìbié: 56 gè mínzú de láilì 中国的民族识别: 56个民族的来历 (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-06613-1.

[6] "東南文化". Dōngnán wénhuà 東南文化 (in Chinese). 1987.

[XingLu-7] Liu, Xinglu 刘兴禄 (2009). "Xiāngxī Wǎxiāng rénmín wèn shòuliè xísú chūtàn" 湘西瓦乡人民问狩猎习俗初探 [An Exploration of Hunting Custom of the Waxiang People in Xiangxi]. Jíshǒu dàxué xuébào (shèhuì kēxué bǎn) (in Chinese). 30 (5): 49. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-4074.2009.05.010.

[8] "Jiědú: Měiguó wèihé huì yǒu 3200 míng Tǔěrhùtèrén? Tāmen shì zěnme dào dì Měiguó?" 解读：美国为何会有3200名土尔扈特人？他们是怎么到的美国？. Wǎngyì 网易 (in Chinese). 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.

[9] "民族硏究". Mínzú yánjiū 民族硏究 (in Chinese). 1999.

[10] Yang, Tongyin 杨通銀 (2000). Mòyǔ yánjiū 莫语硏究 (in Chinese). Beijing Shi: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-81056-427-4.

[11] Olson, James S. (1998). "Altai". An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 0-313-28853-4.

[13] "Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo". Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.

[14] Mongush, M. V. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies. 1: 225–243.

[SuihkonenWhaley2014-15] Suihkonen, Pirkko; Whaley, Lindsay J., eds. (2014). On Diversity and Complexity of Languages Spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 340. ISBN 978-90-272-6936-2.

[16] Pfeffer, Anshel (12 January 2018). "Taking the Silk Route Back Home". Haaretz. Retrieved 2025-08-14.

[17] "Shi jie zong jiao yan jiu". Shìjiè zōngjiào yánjiū 世界宗教研究 (in Chinese). 1990.

[18] "Ili Turki". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.

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什么照镜子里外不是人

List of ethnic groups

Notes

See also

References

Further reading

External links