酒、烟草、网络游戏、区块链——肖磊
39°53′18″N 119°31′13″E / 39.8882°N 119.5202°E
Qinhuangdao
秦皇岛市 | |
|---|---|
  .jpg)    Clockwise from the top: Aerial view of the city, Shanhai Pass, Longtan Falls, Yan Mountains, Old Dragon Head, Habitat Apartments | |
 Seal | |
| Nickname(s): Back Garden of Beijing and Tianjin (京津后花园) | |
 | |
.png) Location of Qinhuangdao City jurisdiction in Hebei | |
  Qinhuangdao Location of the city centre in Hebei  Qinhuangdao Qinhuangdao (Northern China)  Qinhuangdao Qinhuangdao (China) | |
| Coordinates (People's Square): 39°56′26″N 119°35′42″E / 39.9406°N 119.5951°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Settled | 1737 |
| Established | March 3, 1983 |
| Municipal seat | Haigang District |
| Government | |
| ? Party Secretary | Meng Xiangwei |
| ? Mayor | Zhang Ruishu |
| Area | |
| 7,791.57 km2 (3,008.34 sq mi) | |
| ? Urban | 2,122.9 km2 (819.7 sq mi) |
| ? Metro | 2,122.9 km2 (819.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 3,136,879 | |
| ? Density | 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| ? Urban | 1,881,047 |
| ? Urban density | 890/km2 (2,300/sq mi) |
| ? Metro | 1,881,047 |
| ? Metro density | 890/km2 (2,300/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| ? Prefecture-level city | CN￥ 184 billion US$ 22.2 billion |
| ? Per capita | CN￥ 48,230 US$7,143 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 066000 |
| Area code | (0)335 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HE-03 |
| Licence Plate Prefix | 冀C |
| Website | www.qhd.gov.cn |
| Qinhuangdao | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 "Qinhuangdao", as written in Simplified Chinese (top) and Traditional Chinese (bottom) | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 秦皇岛 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 秦皇島 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Qin Shi Huang Island | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Qinhuangdao (/?t??n?hwɑ???da?/;[4] Chinese: 秦皇岛) is a port city on the coast of China in northern Hebei. It is administratively a prefecture-level city, about 300 km (190 mi) east of Beijing, on the Bohai Sea, the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea. Its population during the 2020 national census was 3,136,879, with 1,881,047 people living in the built-up (or 'metro') area made up of four urban districts.
History
[edit]The city's name "Qinhuangdao" literally means "Qin Emperor island", and is allegedly originated from the legend that the Jieshishan Scenic Area in Changli County was the site of First Emperor of Qin's famous ritual during his fourth and final survey tour to the east (东巡) in 210 BC. The "island" refers to the Nanshan area of the Port of Qinhuangdao at the southern edge of the city's Haigang District, which used to be a small offshore island until the late Qing dynasty, when dumping of dredged silt joined it to the mainland after the Guangxu Emperor approved the port's construction in the late 19th century.
In the 19th century, Qinhuangdao included the separate towns of Qinhuangdao and Tanghe.[n 1] Both were stations along the Peking–Mukden Railway. The design and construction of the new harbour and port of Ching Wang Tao in the Gulf of Pechili was undertaken by the partnership of Sir John Wolfe-Barry and Lt Col Arthur John Barry at the turn of the 20th century.[5]
At the beginning of the Chinese Civil War, Du Yuming's National Revolutionary Army forces landed in the city at the beginning of the Nationalist government's offensive against the Chinese Communist Party in Soviet-occupied Manchuria. They were unable to land further north because other ports were either occupied by the Soviet Union or already garrisoned by the military forces which would become the People's Liberation Army.[6]
Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium was used as one of the soccer venues during the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Geography
[edit]Qinhuangdao sits on the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea and borders Tangshan to the southwest, Chengde to the northwest, and Liaoning to the northeast. Its administrative area ranges in latitude 39° 24' to 40° 37' N and in longitude from 118° 33' to 119° 51' E, and has a total area of 7,812.4 km2 (3,016.4 sq mi).
Since the elevation of Tianjin to a provincial-level municipality, Qinhuangdao is the chief port of Hebei. The Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang is said to have sought immortality on an island in Haigang District but did not find it.
Qinhuangdao has three main developed areas:
- Beidaihe: A summer seaside resort for senior government officials. Many political decisions affecting China are made here, making it the equivalent to resorts in Maine or Camp David in Maryland, United States.[United States-centric][7]
- Haigang: the harbor city. Qinhuangdao proper. Home of Yan Shan University, the leading university in NE Hebei province.
- Shanhaiguan: a popular tourist destination, featuring the eastern end of the Great Wall.
Qinhuangdao's Olympic Sports Centre Stadium was used as an Olympic Competition Venue (Football Preliminary) during the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Climate
[edit]Qinhuangdao has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (K?ppen Dwa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold and dry due to the Siberian high, which often causes winds to blow in from the northwest, minimising the oceanic influence: the monthly daily average temperature in January is ?5.6 °C (21.9 °F), colder than Beijing's ?2.7 °C (27.1 °F).[8] Summers are hot and humid due to the East Asian Monsoon, often allowing onshore flows; summer is also when the coast moderates the weather the most: the average high temperature in July here is 28.3 °C (83 °F), as compared to 31.8 °C (89 °F) in Beijing.[8] As measured by daily mean temperature, July and August are equally warm, averaging 24.7 °C (76.5 °F). The annual mean is 10.6 °C (51.1 °F), and 70% of the annual precipitation falls from June to August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from ?26.0 °C (?14.8 °F) on 6 January 2010 to 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) on 15 June 2017.[9][10]
| Climate data for Qinhuangdao, elevation 2 m (6.6 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.6 (83.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
36.3 (97.3) |
34.2 (93.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
40.0 (104.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
28.3 (82.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
2.3 (36.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | ?5.6 (21.9) |
?2.7 (27.1) |
3.7 (38.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
3.9 (39.0) |
?3.1 (26.4) |
10.6 (51.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | ?10.6 (12.9) |
?7.5 (18.5) |
?1.3 (29.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
?1.0 (30.2) |
?7.7 (18.1) |
6.0 (42.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | ?26.0 (?14.8) |
?19.3 (?2.7) |
?16.3 (2.7) |
?5.0 (23.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
2.7 (36.9) |
?6.4 (20.5) |
?14.1 (6.6) |
?18.8 (?1.8) |
?26.0 (?14.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.6 (0.10) |
4.3 (0.17) |
7.9 (0.31) |
24.4 (0.96) |
47.6 (1.87) |
86.3 (3.40) |
171.2 (6.74) |
163.9 (6.45) |
47.0 (1.85) |
28.1 (1.11) |
15.0 (0.59) |
3.6 (0.14) |
601.9 (23.69) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 10.1 | 11.3 | 9.3 | 6.6 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 66.7 |
| Average snowy days | 2.8 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 11.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 54 | 56 | 56 | 58 | 64 | 77 | 83 | 81 | 73 | 65 | 58 | 54 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189.3 | 187.4 | 235.4 | 243.5 | 262.0 | 218.2 | 188.4 | 209.9 | 221.6 | 204.7 | 174.7 | 178.5 | 2,513.6 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 63 | 62 | 63 | 61 | 59 | 49 | 42 | 50 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 62 | 58 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[11][12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[13] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
[edit]| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Chinese | Pinyin | Population
(2020)[14] |
Area
(km2)[15] |
Density (/km2)[15] |
| Urban | |||||
| Haigang District | 海港区 | Hǎigǎng Qū | 1,024,876 | 754.3 | 4,166 |
| Suburban | |||||
| Shanhaiguan District | 山海关区 | Shānhǎiguān Qū | 164,989 | 205.8 | 855 |
| Beidaihe District | 北戴河区 | Běidàihé Qū | 130,104 | 158.1 | 822.9 |
| Funing District | 抚宁区 | Fǔníng Qū | 291,211 | 1,039 | 352.2 |
| Rural | |||||
| Changli County | 昌黎县 | Chānglí Xiàn | 487,989 | 1,228 | 397.4 |
| Lulong County | 卢龙县 | Lúlóng Xiàn | 333,942 | 959.0 | 348.2 |
| Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County | 青龙满族自治县 | Qīnglóng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn | 431,138 | 3,508 | 122.9 |
Development Zone
[edit]The Qinhuangdao Economic & Technology Development Zone was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China in 1984 to become one of China's first state-level economic and technological development zones. Qinhuangdao is in the heart of the rapidly growing "Bohai-Rim Economic Circle", in easy reach of Beijing (280 km (170 mi)) and Tianjin (245 km (152 mi)).[16] It covers a sea area of 23.81 km2 (9.19 sq mi) and has a coastline of 6 km (3.7 mi). The planned and controlled area of the development zone has reached 56.72 km2 (21.90 sq mi). By the end of 2006, the number of approved projects reached 4,546, in which 647 projects were foreign-invested, with a total investment of US$4.73 billion.
Qinhuangdao Export Processing Zone is the first export processing zone in Hebei Province. It passed joint appraisal held by the General Administration of Customs, the State Development Planning Commission, and other six departments in 2003. Industries encouraged in the zone include electronics assembly and manufacturing, building/construction materials, computer software, trading and distribution.[17]
Economy
[edit]
Qinhuangdao Port is a strategically important port and is the largest coal shipping port in the country, much of which is shipped to power plants elsewhere in China. With recent expansion, its capacity has reached 209 million metric tons. The harbor is adding a further six berths to add capacity and is increasingly being invested in by other port operators, such as South Africa's Port of Richards Bay, who have announced plans to invest US$150 million to increase capacity by at least 28 percent.
China is the world's third largest coal exporter, and Qinhuangdao is expected to handle much of the nation's coal exports. Rail links from Shanxi (China's largest coal producer) to Qinhuangdao Port are being upgraded, which should allow for Qinhuangdao to ultimately increase its throughput to 400 million tonnes of coal per annum from its current level of about 250 million tons by 2015. In 2018, the updated railway reached a record annual throughput of 451 million tons.[18]
Other Chinese and foreign service suppliers are moving to Qinhuangdao to support this. China Ocean Shipping (Group) Co, China's biggest shipping company, expects US$49 billion of spending on ports over the next five years as the industry tackles bottlenecks created by the nation's unprecedented economic boom.[19]
Qinhuangdao is on the Jingshen Expressway which links Beijing with Shenyang, Liaoning. The city is served by Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Airport.
Tourism
[edit]The Qinhuangdao Wildlife Park was opened in 1995 and is China's second largest wildlife park.[citation needed]
Red Ribbon
[edit]Qinhuangdao is home to the Tanghe River Park, which features the Red Ribbon, a knee-high steel sculpture that runs the length of the park, providing seating, environmental interpretation, lighting, and the display of native plants. The project has won an honor award from the American Society of Landscape Architects and was selected by readers of Condé Nast Traveler magazine as one of the seven new wonders of the architecture world.[20]
Education
[edit]- Yanshan University
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao
- Hebei Institute of International Business and Economics
- Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology
- Northeastern Petroleum University at Qinhuangdao
Sister cities
[edit]
Lugo, Galicia, Spain
Pesaro, Marche, Italy
Toledo, Ohio, United States, since 1985- Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, since May 5, 2010
Terrace, British Columbia, Canada, since November 30, 2015
Notes
[edit]- ^ simplified Chinese: 汤河; traditional Chinese: 湯河; pinyin: Tānghé; Wade–Giles: Tang-ho; lit. 'soup river'
References
[edit]- ^ "China: Héb?i (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^ 河北省统计局、国家统计局河北调查总队 (2016). 《河北经济年鉴－2018》. China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5356-7824-9. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
- ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ "Qinhuangdao". Merriam-Webster.com Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on September 1, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ^ Frederick Arthur Crisp Visitation of England and Wales, Volume 14, London (1906)
- ^ Dik?tter, Frank (2013). The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945-1957 (1 ed.). London: Bloomsbury Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-62040-347-1.
- ^ "China Expat City Guide". Asia Briefing. 2009. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
- ^ a b 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "零下26摄氏度 秦皇岛市创56年来最低气温——中新网". www.chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
- ^ "河北多地气温破历史极值 秦皇岛首次现40℃高温-资讯-中国天气网". news.weather.com.cn. Retrieved January 8, 2025.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
- ^ 秦皇岛 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
- ^ "权威发布！秦皇岛人口最新统计数据来了！". baijiahao.baidu.com. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
- ^ a b "China: Héb?i (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
- ^ "Qinhuangdao Economic & Technology Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
- ^ "Qinhuangdao Export Processing Zone". RightSite.asia. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
- ^ ""中国重载第一路"大秦铁路2023年货运量超4亿吨-中新网". www.chinanews.com.cn. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
- ^ "China Briefing Business Guide" (PDF). China Briefing. 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Red Ribbon in Tanghe River Park". Contemporist. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
External links
[edit]
Bohai Economic Rim Region | ||
|---|---|---|
List of major cities and ports in the BER region | ||
| Municipalities |  | |
| Hebei Province | ||
| Liaoning Province | ||
| Shandong Province | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
