特朗普应对叙问题的方案日渐明晰 拟"三步走"
Wenshan Prefecture
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| Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture 文山壮族苗族自治州 Vwnzsanh Bouxcuengh Myauzcuz Swcicouh Wenx Shangb Langs Hmongb Zif Zhif Zheub | |
Urban skyline of capital Wenshan City Nong's Tusi Chiefdom Office Puzhehei Lake Malipo Martyrs Cemetery Wenshan Notoginseng International Trading Center | |
 Location of Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan | |
| Coordinates (Wenshan Prefecture government): 23°24′N 104°13′E / 23.40°N 104.22°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Yunnan |
| GB/T 2260 CODE[1] | 532600 |
| Admin HQ | Wenshan |
| Admin units | |
| Area | |
? Total | 31,409.12 km2 (12,127.13 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,263 m (4,144 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
? Total | 3,517,941 |
| ? Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| ? Total | CN￥ 140.5 billion US$ 20.7 billion |
| ? Per capita | CN￥ 40,748 US$ 6,010 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 663000[3] |
| Area code | 0876[3] |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-YN-26 |
| Licence plate prefixes | 云H |
| Website | www |
| 1Yunnan Statistics Bureau [1] 2Yunnan Portal [2] | |
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| Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 文山壮族苗族自治州 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 文山壯族苗族自治州 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Zhuang name | |||||||
| Zhuang | Vwnzsanh Bouxcuengh Myauzcuz Swcicouh | ||||||
| Dananshan Miao name | |||||||
| Dananshan Miao | Wenx Shangb Langs Hmongb Zif Zhif Zheub | ||||||
Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is an autonomous prefecture in southeastern Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, and is the easternmost prefecture-level division of the province. It borders Baise, Guangxi, to the east, Vietnam's Tuyên Quang Province to the south for 438 kilometres (272 mi), Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture to the west, and Qujing to the north.
Subdivisions
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| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) |
Area (km2) | Density(/km2) |
| Wenshan City | 文山市 | Wénshān Shì | 481,504 | 3,064 | 157 |
| Yanshan County | 砚山县 | Yànshān Xiàn | 463,264 | 3,888 | 119 |
| Xichou County | 西畴县 | Xīchóu Xiàn | 255,286 | 1,545 | 165 |
| Malipo County | 麻栗坡县 | Málìpō Xiàn | 277,960 | 2,395 | 116 |
| Maguan County | 马关县 | Mǎguān Xiàn | 367,507 | 2,755 | 133 |
| Qiubei County | 丘北县 | Qiūběi Xiàn | 477,441 | 5,150 | 93 |
| Guangnan County | 广南县 | Guǎngnán Xiàn | 787,449 | 7,983 | 99 |
| Funing County | 富宁县 | Fùníng Xiàn | 407,530 | 5,459 | 75 |
Ethnic groups
[edit]Wenshan is highly diverse. According to a local saying, "Han and Hui live by the market, Zhuang and Dai live by the water, Miao and Yi live on the mountains, and Yao live among the valleys." (汉族、回族住街头，壮族、傣族住水头，苗族、彝族住山头，瑶族住箐头。)
Some of Wenshan's ethnic groups include:
- Han Chinese
- Tai peoples
- Kra peoples
- Miao–Yao peoples
- Miao people (listed from east to west)[6]
- Lopsided Miao (偏苗 Shuat)
- White Miao (白苗 Dleub)
- Green Miao (青苗 Shib, Nzhuab)
- Flowery Miao (花苗 Soud, Bes, Buak)
- Yao people
- Miao people (listed from east to west)[6]
- Tibeto-Burman peoples
- Yi people - Funing County, Guangnan County, Malipo County
- Bai people - Qiubei County (in Mazhelong 马者龙, etc.), Yanshan County (in Jiayi 稼依镇), Guangnan County (in Zhulin 珠琳镇)
- Mon-Khmer peoples
Yunnan (1979)[7] lists Jiazhou 甲州 (pop. 475), Longjiang 龙降 (pop. 54), Tusi 土司 (pop. 134), and Bendi 本地 (pop. 7) as Zhuang subgroups of unknown linguistic affiliation.
Yi
[edit]The Wenshan Prefecture Gazetteer (文山壮族苗族自治州志) (2000) and the Wenshan Prefecture Ethnic Gazetteer (文山壮族苗族自治州志) (2005) list the following Yi ethnic subdivisions in Wenshan Prefecture.
- Luo (倮)
- White Lolo (白倮倮) (autonyms: Suodu 所都, Luoluobu 罗罗布, Xiqima 洗其麻, Gaisipo 改斯泼)
- Mokong (莫空) (Gaokujiao Luo 高裤脚倮) of Funing and Guangnan counties
- Mudai (木歹) of Funing and Napo counties
- Black Lolo (黑倮倮) (autonyms: Nuosupo 诺苏泼, Luoluopo 罗罗泼): in Qiubei, Yanshan, and Wenshan counties
- Flowery Lolo (花倮倮) (autonyms: Hanluowu 含罗武, Luwu 鲁屋, Niesu 聂素): in Funing, Guangnan, Malipo, Xichou, Maguan, and Yanshan counties
- White Lolo (白倮倮) (autonyms: Suodu 所都, Luoluobu 罗罗布, Xiqima 洗其麻, Gaisipo 改斯泼)
- Pu (仆)
- Black Phula (黑仆拉) (autonym: Azha 阿扎)
- White Phula (白仆拉) (autonym: Zuoke 作科)
- Flowery Phula (花仆拉) (autonym: Abo 阿僰)
- Sani (撒尼) (autonym: Sanipo 撒尼泼): in Qiubei County
- Awu (阿武) (autonym: Awu 阿武; exonyms: Mengwu 孟武, Awu 阿吾, Mengwu 孟乌, Mengzu 孟族)
- Lai (俫) (autonym; a branch of the Awu 阿武, also called Mengwu 孟武):[8] in Xisa 西洒镇, Xichou; Daping 大坪镇 and Nanwenhe 南温河乡 of Malipo
- Gepu (格仆) (autonyms: Gepo 葛泼, Alingpo 阿灵泼; exonyms: Geluoluo/duo 葛倮罗/多, Adu 阿度, Aga 阿嘎): in Tiechang 铁厂乡 and Donggan 董干镇 townships of Malipo County[8]
- Axi (阿西): in Wenshan, Yanshan, and Qiubei counties[8]
- Lalu (腊鲁) (Lalupu 腊鲁仆; exonym: Xiangtang 香堂): in Nanping 南屏镇[8]
Yao
[edit]The Wenshan Prefecture Gazetteer (文山壮族苗族自治州志) (2000) lists the following Yao ethnic subdivisions in Wenshan Prefecture.
- Men (们) or Jinmen (金门) (exonym: Landian Yao 蓝靛瑶)
- Mengmian (孟棉) or Youmian (尤勉) (exonyms: Daban Yao 大板瑶, Jiao Yao 角瑶)
- Xiu (秀) or Ya (亚) (exonyms: Shan Yao 山瑶, Guoshan Yao 过山瑶): in Longmen (龙门) and Longshao (龙绍) of Funing County, and in Tiechang (铁厂), Jinchang (金厂), and other locations of Malipo County
Demographics
[edit]Among the resident population, the Han population is 1,501,852, accounting for 42.69% of the total population; the ethnic minorities population is 2,016,089, accounting for 57.31% of the total population.
| National name | Han | Zhuang | Hmong | Yi | Yao | Hui | Dai | Bai | Buyi | Mongol | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 1501848 | 1027282 | 481239 | 351597 | 87709 | 24774 | 15776 | 9130 | 7257 | 5655 | 5679 |
| Proportion of total population (%) | 42.69 | 29.20 | 13.68 | 9.99 | 2.49 | 0.70 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| Proportion of minority population (%) | --- | 50.95 | 23.87 | 17.44 | 4.35 | 1.23 | 0.78 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
Gelao
[edit]The Wenshan Prefecture Gazetteer 文山壮族苗族自治州志 (2000) lists the following Gelao ethnic subdivisions in Wenshan Prefecture. The Gelao of Wenshan are also locally known as the Laobazi 老巴子 or Bazi 巴子.
- White Gelao (白仡佬)
- Green Gelao (青仡佬)
- Red Gelao (红仡佬)
- Flowery Gelao (花仡佬) (also known as the Wai Gelao (歪仡佬) or Pipao Gelao (披袍仡佬))
History
[edit]
The prefecture has been inhabited for at least 4000 years, as evidenced by surviving neolithic rock art in Malipo County. The Yelang kingdom existed in the area during the 3rd century BC.
The seat of Guangnan, known today as Liancheng (莲城镇), was the heart of the Gouding Kingdom (句町) that lasted approximately 400 years, from 111 BC to 316 AD.
Transportation
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局 >> 行政区划代码. National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
- ^ 云南省统计局、国家统计局云南调查总队 (December 2023). 《云南统计年鉴－2023》. China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-9653-1.
- ^ a b Area Code and Postal Code in Yunnan Province
- ^ Kaup, Katherine Palmer. Creating the Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China. Boulder, CO: L. Rienner, 2000.
- ^ a b c d Johnson, Eric C. 2011. "A Lexical and Phonological Comparison of the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China: Getting More Out of Language Survey Wordlists Than Just Lexical Similarity Percentages." SIL Electronic Working Papers 2011-005: 170.
- ^ Castro, Andy & Gu Chawen. 2010. "Phonological innovation among Hmong dialects of Wenshan." Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) 3.1:1-39.
- ^ 云南民族识别综合调查组编 [Yunnan Minority Recognition Comprehensive Group] (1979). 云南民族识别综合调查报告(1960年). Kunming: 云南民族学研究所印 [Yunnan Nationalities Research Institute Press].
- ^ a b c d Wenshan Prefecture Ethnic Gazetteer (文山壮族苗族自治州志) (2005)
- ^ Yunnan Provincial Census Office, Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics (September 2012). "Yunnan Provincial Census Data in 2010". China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-6548-3.
External links
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